2026 Docker Compose 实战：一键部署常用服务模板库

Docker Compose 是管理多容器应用的利器。与其每次手动敲 docker run 一长串参数，不如写一份 docker-compose.yml，一条命令搞定所有服务。

本文整理了日常开发中最常用的服务模板，复制即用。

🚀 快速开始

安装 Docker Compose

# Docker Compose V2 已内置在 Docker 中
# 验证版本
docker compose version

# 如果未安装，执行以下命令
sudo apt install -y docker-compose-plugin

基础命令

# 启动所有服务（后台运行）
docker compose up -d

# 查看运行状态
docker compose ps

# 查看日志
docker compose logs -f

# 停止所有服务
docker compose down

# 停止并删除数据卷
docker compose down -v

# 重启单个服务
docker compose restart nginx

目录结构规范

推荐的项目目录结构：

project/
├── docker-compose.yml      # 主配置文件
├── .env                    # 环境变量
├── nginx/
│   └── conf.d/
│       └── default.conf
├── mysql/
│   └── data/               # 数据持久化
├── redis/
│   └── data/
└── minio/
    └── data/

📦 模板一：Nginx 反向代理

最基础的服务，用于反向代理和静态文件托管。

services:
  nginx:
    image: nginx:alpine
    container_name: nginx
    ports:
      - '80:80'
      - '443:443'
    volumes:
      - ./nginx/conf.d:/etc/nginx/conf.d
      - ./nginx/html:/usr/share/nginx/html
      - ./nginx/certs:/etc/nginx/certs
      - ./nginx/logs:/var/log/nginx
    restart: unless-stopped
    networks:
      - webnet

networks:
  webnet:
    driver: bridge

Nginx 反向代理配置示例

创建 nginx/conf.d/proxy.conf：

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name app.example.com;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://app:3000;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
    }
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name api.example.com;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://api:8080;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
    }
}

📦 模板二：MySQL + phpMyAdmin

开发环境必备的数据库组合。

services:
  mysql:
    image: mysql:8.0
    container_name: mysql
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD:-root123}
      MYSQL_DATABASE: ${MYSQL_DATABASE:-appdb}
      MYSQL_USER: ${MYSQL_USER:-appuser}
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: ${MYSQL_PASSWORD:-apppass123}
    ports:
      - '3306:3306'
    volumes:
      - ./mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql
      - ./mysql/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d
    command: --default-authentication-plugin=caching_sha2_password --character-set-server=utf8mb4
    restart: unless-stopped
    networks:
      - dbnet

  phpmyadmin:
    image: phpmyadmin:latest
    container_name: phpmyadmin
    environment:
      PMA_HOST: mysql
      PMA_PORT: 3306
      UPLOAD_LIMIT: 50M
    ports:
      - '8888:80'
    depends_on:
      - mysql
    restart: unless-stopped
    networks:
      - dbnet

networks:
  dbnet:
    driver: bridge

MySQL 自定义配置

创建 mysql/conf/custom.cnf：

[mysqld]
# 字符集
character-set-server = utf8mb4
collation-server = utf8mb4_unicode_ci

# 性能优化
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 256M
innodb_log_file_size = 64M
max_connections = 200

# 日志
slow_query_log = 1
slow_query_log_file = /var/log/mysql/slow.log
long_query_time = 2

📦 模板三：Redis + RedisInsight

缓存和消息队列的标配。

services:
  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    container_name: redis
    command: redis-server /usr/local/etc/redis/redis.conf
    ports:
      - '6379:6379'
    volumes:
      - ./redis/data:/data
      - ./redis/redis.conf:/usr/local/etc/redis/redis.conf
    restart: unless-stopped
    networks:
      - dbnet

  redisinsight:
    image: redis/redisinsight:latest
    container_name: redisinsight
    ports:
      - '5540:5540'
    volumes:
      - ./redisinsight/data:/data
    depends_on:
      - redis
    restart: unless-stopped
    networks:
      - dbnet

networks:
  dbnet:
    driver: bridge

Redis 配置文件

创建 redis/redis.conf：

# 持久化
appendonly yes
appendfsync everysec

# 内存
maxmemory 256mb
maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru

# 安全
requirepass your_redis_password

# 日志
loglevel notice

📦 模板四：MinIO 对象存储

自建 S3 兼容的对象存储服务。

services:
  minio:
    image: minio/minio:latest
    container_name: minio
    environment:
      MINIO_ROOT_USER: ${MINIO_USER:-minioadmin}
      MINIO_ROOT_PASSWORD: ${MINIO_PASSWORD:-minioadmin123}
    command: server /data --console-address ":9001"
    ports:
      - '9000:9000'
      - '9001:9001'
    volumes:
      - ./minio/data:/data
    restart: unless-stopped
    networks:
      - webnet

networks:
  webnet:
    driver: bridge

访问 http://your-ip:9001 打开 MinIO 控制台。

📦 模板五：Grafana + Prometheus 监控栈

完整的监控解决方案。

services:
  prometheus:
    image: prom/prometheus:latest
    container_name: prometheus
    ports:
      - '9090:9090'
    volumes:
      - ./prometheus/prometheus.yml:/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml
      - ./prometheus/data:/prometheus
    restart: unless-stopped
    networks:
      - monitor

  grafana:
    image: grafana/grafana:latest
    container_name: grafana
    environment:
      GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_USER: ${GRAFANA_USER:-admin}
      GF_SECURITY_ADMIN_PASSWORD: ${GRAFANA_PASSWORD:-admin123}
    ports:
      - '3000:3000'
    volumes:
      - ./grafana/data:/var/lib/grafana
    depends_on:
      - prometheus
    restart: unless-stopped
    networks:
      - monitor

  node-exporter:
    image: prom/node-exporter:latest
    container_name: node-exporter
    ports:
      - '9100:9100'
    volumes:
      - /proc:/host/proc:ro
      - /sys:/host/sys:ro
      - /:/rootfs:ro
    command: --path.procfs=/host/proc --path.sysfs=/host/sys --path.rootfs=/rootfs
    restart: unless-stopped
    networks:
      - monitor

networks:
  monitor:
    driver: bridge

Prometheus 配置

创建 prometheus/prometheus.yml：

global:
  scrape_interval: 15s

scrape_configs:
  - job_name: 'node-exporter'
    static_configs:
      - targets: ['node-exporter:9100']

  - job_name: 'prometheus'
    static_configs:
      - targets: ['localhost:9090']

📦 模板六：Portainer 容器管理面板

可视化 Docker 管理工具。

services:
  portainer:
    image: portainer/portainer-ce:latest
    container_name: portainer
    ports:
      - '9443:9443'
      - '9000:9000'
    volumes:
      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
      - ./portainer/data:/data
    restart: unless-stopped

访问 https://your-ip:9443 首次设置管理员密码。

📦 模板七：全栈开发环境

前后端分离项目的完整开发环境。

services:
  # 前端开发服务器
  frontend:
    image: node:20-alpine
    container_name: frontend
    working_dir: /app
    volumes:
      - ./frontend:/app
      - frontend_node_modules:/app/node_modules
    ports:
      - '5173:5173'
    command: sh -c "npm install && npm run dev -- --host 0.0.0.0"
    environment:
      - VITE_API_URL=http://localhost:8080
    networks:
      - devnet

  # 后端 API 服务器
  backend:
    image: node:20-alpine
    container_name: backend
    working_dir: /app
    volumes:
      - ./backend:/app
      - backend_node_modules:/app/node_modules
    ports:
      - '8080:8080'
    command: sh -c "npm install && npm run dev"
    environment:
      - DB_HOST=mysql
      - DB_PORT=3306
      - DB_USER=appuser
      - DB_PASSWORD=apppass123
      - DB_NAME=appdb
      - REDIS_HOST=redis
      - REDIS_PORT=6379
    depends_on:
      - mysql
      - redis
    networks:
      - devnet
      - dbnet

  # 数据库
  mysql:
    image: mysql:8.0
    container_name: mysql
    environment:
      MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: root123
      MYSQL_DATABASE: appdb
      MYSQL_USER: appuser
      MYSQL_PASSWORD: apppass123
    ports:
      - '3306:3306'
    volumes:
      - ./mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql
    restart: unless-stopped
    networks:
      - dbnet

  # 缓存
  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    container_name: redis
    ports:
      - '6379:6379'
    volumes:
      - ./redis/data:/data
    restart: unless-stopped
    networks:
      - dbnet

volumes:
  frontend_node_modules:
  backend_node_modules:

networks:
  devnet:
    driver: bridge
  dbnet:
    driver: bridge

🔧 环境变量管理

使用 .env 文件

创建 .env 文件管理敏感配置：

# .env
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=your_strong_password
MYSQL_DATABASE=appdb
MYSQL_USER=appuser
MYSQL_PASSWORD=your_app_password

MINIO_USER=minioadmin
MINIO_PASSWORD=your_minio_password

GRAFANA_USER=admin
GRAFANA_PASSWORD=your_grafana_password

REDIS_PASSWORD=your_redis_password

安全提醒

切勿将 .env 文件提交到 Git 仓库！ 在 .gitignore 中添加：

.env

.env 示例模板

创建 .env.example 供团队参考：

# 复制此文件为 .env 并修改值
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=
MYSQL_DATABASE=appdb
MYSQL_USER=appuser
MYSQL_PASSWORD=

🛡️ 生产环境注意事项

1. 安全加固

services:
  app:
    image: myapp:latest
    # 限制资源
    deploy:
      resources:
        limits:
          cpus: '1.0'
          memory: 512M
        reservations:
          cpus: '0.5'
          memory: 256M
    # 只读文件系统
    read_only: true
    # 安全选项
    security_opt:
      - no-new-privileges:true
    # 临时文件
    tmpfs:
      - /tmp

2. 健康检查

services:
  mysql:
    image: mysql:8.0
    healthcheck:
      test: ['CMD', 'mysqladmin', 'ping', '-h', 'localhost']
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 3
      start_period: 30s

3. 日志管理

services:
  app:
    image: myapp:latest
    logging:
      driver: json-file
      options:
        max-size: '10m'
        max-file: '3'

📋 常用组合速查

场景	服务组合	端口
Web 开发	Nginx + Node.js + MySQL	80, 3000, 3306
API 开发	Node.js + MySQL + Redis	8080, 3306, 6379
监控	Prometheus + Grafana	9090, 3000
容器管理	Portainer	9443
对象存储	MinIO	9000, 9001
全栈	前端 + 后端 + MySQL + Redis	5173, 8080, 3306, 6379

❓ 常见问题

容器间如何互相访问？

使用服务名作为主机名。例如 mysql 服务可以通过 mysql:3306 访问：

backend:
  environment:
    - DB_HOST=mysql # 使用服务名
    - DB_PORT=3306

数据持久化丢失？

确保正确挂载数据卷：

volumes:
  - ./mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql # 宿主机路径:容器路径

端口冲突？

修改宿主机端口映射：

ports:
  - '13306:3306' # 宿主机用 13306，避免与其他 MySQL 冲突

如何查看容器日志？

# 查看所有服务日志
docker compose logs -f

# 查看单个服务日志
docker compose logs -f mysql

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